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Test Antigenico per COVID-19

Articolo approvato dal Comitato editoriale di labtestsonline.org ed in corso di revisione da parte del Comitato editoriale italiano

In Sintesi

Perché?

Per rilevare la presenza di infezione in corso da SARS-CoV-2, il nuovo ceppo di coronavirus che causa la malattia da coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).

Quando?

Principalmente, a scopo di sorveglianza sanitaria per prevenire la diffusione del virus tra soggetti asintomatici; nel caso in cui non sia disponibile il test molecolare (RT-PCR), per stabilire la diagnosi di COVID-19.

Il campione

Un campione di cellule prelevato dal tratto respiratorio superiore, tramite tampone nasale o tampone nasofaringeo (porzione posteriore del naso posta superiormente alla faringe).

La preparazione

No, nessuna. Tuttavia, è necessario comunicare all'operatore sanitario l'eventuale manifestazione recente di sintomi riconducibili a COVID-19.

L'Esame

Il test antigenico per COVID-19 è un indice di esposizione al virus; rileva la presenza di proteine presenti sulla superficie esterna del virus, denominate antigeni, in un campione prelevato dalle narici o dalla porzione posteriore del rino-faringe (tampone nasofaringeo). Il riscontro di antigeni virali indica presenza di un'infezione in corso.

Come e Perchè

Come viene raccolto il campione per l'esame?

Il campione viene ottenuto piegando all’indietro la testa del paziente ed inserendo (per 7-9 cm) un tampone (simile ad un lungo cottonfioc) nelle narici fino a toccare la parete posteriore del rino-faringe o del naso, dove viene ruotato alcune volte prima di disinserirlo. Il campione deve essere prelevato da entrambe le narici.

La procedura richiede meno di un minuto, può essere fastidiosa ed indurre prurito, lacrimazione e colpi di tosse, in particolare nel caso del tampone nasofaringeo.

Domande Frequenti

È possibile eseguire il test a domicilio?

Attualmente, non esistono test approvati dall'FDA (Food and Drug Administration) per COVID-19 da eseguire a domicilio. Il suggerimento per i cittadini è sempre quello di rivolgersi in ogni caso alle Istituzioni, evitando accuratamente di intraprendere azioni individuali che possono comportare gravi danni non solo al soggetto singolo, ma all’intera comunità. Tuttavia, recentemente l'FDA ha approvato il primo test RT-PCR che include un kit per effettuare la raccolta di campioni nasali a domicilio, che dovranno essere poi spediti ai laboratori per le analisi.

Fonti

Fonti utilizzate nella revisione corrente

Abbott Diagnostics Scarborough, Inc. BinaxNOW COVID-19 Ag card. Updated December 2020. Accessed April 22, 2022. https://www.fda.gov/media/141570/download

A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. COVID-19 antibody test. Updated February 7, 2021. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007773.htm

A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. COVID-19 virus test. Updated February 7, 2021. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007769.htm

Caliendo AM, Hanson KE. COVID-19: Diagnosis. In: Hirsch MS, ed. UpToDate. Updated April 16, 2021. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-diagnosis

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 testing overview. Updated March 17, 2021. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/testing.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidelines for COVID-19 antibody testing. Updated March 17, 2021. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/resources/antibody-tests-guidelines.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). Updated April 16, 2021. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/naats.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Self-testing. Updated April 15, 2021. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/testing/self-testing.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Test for current infection (viral test). Updated March 18, 2021. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/testing/diagnostic-testing.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Test for past infection. Updated February 2, 2021. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/testing/serology-overview.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Using antibody tests for COVID-19. Updated November 3, 2020. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/resources/antibody-tests.html

Kim AY, Gandhi RT. COVID-19: Management in hospitalized adults. In: Hirsch MS, ed. UpToDate. Updated March 24, 2021. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-management-in-hospitalized-adults

McIntosh K. COVID-19: Epidemiology, virology, and prevention. In: Hirsch MS, ed. UpToDate. Updated March 31, 2021. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-epidemiology-virology-and-prevention

Palmore TN, Smith BA. COVID-19: Infection control in health care and home settings. In: Sexton DJ, ed. UpToDate. Updated April 16, 2021. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-infection-control-in-health-care-and-home-settings

UpToDate. COVID-19: Questions and answers. Updated April 19, 2021. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-questions-and-answers

UpToDate. Patient education: COVID-19 overview (the basics). Date unknown. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-overview-the-basics

US Food and Drug Administration. Antibody (serology) testing for COVID-19: Information for patients and consumers. Updated July 29, 2020. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/antibody-serology-testing-covid-19-information-patients-and-consumers

US Food and Drug Administration. Coronavirus disease 2019 testing basics. Updated April 7, 2021. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/coronavirus-disease-2019-testing-basics

US Food and Drug Administration. Screening for COVID-19: Deciding which test to use when establishing testing programs. Updated March 16, 2021. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/screening-covid-19-deciding-which-test-use-when-establishing-testing-programs

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